Osteoarthritis: Knee OA Risk Factors & Management

What Is Osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease affecting millions globally. OA is the most common type of arthritis. Whilst OA can occur in any joint, it most frequently occurs in the knee, accounting for 365 million cases worldwide, followed by the hand and the hip. Symptoms of OA include joint pain, joint stiffness, swelling and limited ability to move the joint. This chronic condition significantly affects daily activities and overall quality of life. 

Etiology & Risk Factors Of Knee Osteoarthritis

Understanding the causes and risk factors of knee osteoarthritis is crucial for prevention and early intervention. Several factors contribute to the development of this condition:

Age: The risk of developing OA increases with age due to the effect of aging on joint tissue and structures including, sarcopenia (the loss of muscle mass), reduced joint awareness and loss of normal bone structure 

Gender: Women are more likely to develop knee OA, especially after the age of 50.

Genetics: A family history of osteoarthritis can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.

Obesity: Excess body weight places additional stress on weight-bearing joints like the knees, accelerating cartilage breakdown.

Joint Injuries: Previous injuries to the knee joint, such as fractures or ligament tears, can predispose individuals to OA.

Repetitive Stress: Occupations or activities that involve repetitive knee stress, such as kneeling or heavy lifting, can increase the risk.

Muscle Weakness: Weak muscles around the knee can lead to improper joint alignment and increased strain on the cartilage.

Metabolic Diseases: Conditions like diabetes and hemochromatosis can affect joint health and increase the risk of OA.

Management Of Knee Osteoarthritis

Effective management of knee osteoarthritis involves a combination of strategies aimed at reducing symptoms and improving joint function. According to the 2024 guidelines from Exercise & Sports Science Australia (ESSA) and the Australian Physiotherapy Association (APA), the following approaches are recommended:

Exercise Therapy: Which Includes the following; Aerobic Exercise, Resistance Training, Flexibility Exercises, Neuromotor Exercise, Mind-Body Exercise (e.g. tai chi, yoga, pilates)

Weight Management

Education and Self-Management

Pharmacological Interventions

Assistive Devices

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Knee osteoarthritis is a common and debilitating condition, but understanding its risk factors and etiology can help in its prevention and management. By following the latest guidelines and adopting a comprehensive approach, individuals can manage their symptoms effectively and lead a more active and fulfilling life.